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Composite Codes & Standards
Standards are documents describing how materials and products should be
manufactured, defined, measured, or tested. Standards are used to establish
quality requirements and fitness for purpose and to ensure compatibility of
products from different sources. Standards may be issued by voluntary trade
associations (industry standards), by government agencies, or by international
organisations. Specifications establish requirements for materials, products, or
services, and are usually issued by the organisation for which they are to be
provided. Standards and specifications are essential documents for engineering
design, and can also have legal and contractual status.
Further Measurement Advice is available from the NPL
tool
The UK actively contributes at many stages of the development of
international standards within the International Standards Organisation (ISO)
and the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN).
CEN is developing a new series of standards in support of the European
Single Market and EC Directives. Technical committees are working at most
levels, from major installations to material specification and testing. This is
occurring at a time when there is a demand for increased testing efficiency with
concurrent reductions in the associated cost. For composite materials, there is
initially a need to harmonise and then validate the many existing versions of
established test methods. In the longer term, research on test methods as
supported by the UK Department of Trade and Industry and that undertaken under
the VAMAS (Versailles Agreement on Advanced Materials and Standards)
international pre-standards programme, should aim to reduce the timescales for
standardisation.
Validation of test methods, which due to the legal position of CEN
standards within the single market is particularly essential, must be considered
at an early stage. The UK, through organisations such as the British Plastics
Federation and the National Physical Laboratory, is taking a major role in
research, harmonisation, drafting and validation of international standards.
Four of six standards, drafted by the National Physical Laboratory, covering
tensile, compression, flexural and shear testing for composite materials are now
available from the British Standards Institution (BSI). The remaining two
standards are expected within six months. These standards will reduce
dramatically the number of test methods required for, and hence cut the costs
of, composites development, selection and qualification. End-users and designers
will therefore have earlier access to better and more reliable data that will
give them the confidence to use these materials in new and advanced
applications. For the UK, these BS EN ISO standards replace the widely
used informal recommendations from the Composites Research Advisory Group
(CRAG), thus heralding a new post-CRAG era for composites testing. NPL’s work
in developing and standardising test methods for composite materials is
supported by the Department of Trade and Industry as part of the Materials
Measurement programme of research. The current programme on Composites
Performance and Design covers structural element testing, durability assessment
and interface characterisation, and aims to propose further test methods in
these areas.
Recommended ISO Standards for Composites Testing
|
Mass per unit area of prepregs
Resin flow of pre-impregnates
Analysis of uncured sample by DSC
Degree of cure by DSC
Gel time
Test panel manufacture
Test and conditioning atmospheres
Tensile - unidirectional
Tensile - multidirectional
Compression -unidirectional
Compression -multidirectional
Shear : 45 degree tension
Shear modulus : plate twist
ILSS : through thickness
Flexure
Mode I fracture toughness
Fatigue
Creep testing
Moisture uptake/conditioning
Effect of water/moisture
Effect of chemicals
Effect of heat ageing |
BS EN ISO 10352 : 1997
ISO 15034
BS EN ISO 11357
BS EN ISO 11357
ISO 15040
ISO 1268 : 1974 (at DIS ballot)
BS EN ISO 291 : 1997
BS EN ISO 527-5 : 1997
BS EN ISO 527-4 : 1997
ISO 14126
ISO 14126
BS EN ISO 14129 : 1998
ISO 15310
BS EN ISO 14130 : 1998
BS EN ISO 14125 : 1998
ISO 15024 (at DIS ballot)
ISO 13003 (at CD ballot)
ISO 899
ISO 62
ISO 62/175
ISO 175
ISO 15034 |
Recently
published BSI standards
BS EN
ISO
527-4:1997
Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Testing conditions for
isotropic and orthotropic
fibre-reinforced plastic composites
BS EN
ISO
527-5:1997
Plastics- Determination of tensile properties- Test conditions for
unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic
composites
BS EN
ISO 584 :
1998
Plastics - Unsaturated polyester resins - Determination of reactivity at 80 °C
(conventional method)
BS EN
ISO 1183-3:1999
Plastics - Density of non-cellular plastics - Gas pyknometer method.
BS EN
ISO 1268-Part 2:2001 Fibre-reinforced plastics - Methods of
producing test plates: Contact and spray up moulding.
BS EN
ISO 1268-Part 3:2000 Fibre-reinforced plastics - Methods of
producing test plates: Wet compression.
BS EN
ISO 1268-Part 5:2001 Fibre-reinforced plastics - Methods of
producing test plates: Filament winding
BS EN
ISO 1268-Part 7:2001 Fibre-reinforced plastics - Methods of
producing test plates: Resin transfer moulding.
BS EN
1842 :
1997
Plastics - Thermoset moulding compounds (SMC - BMC) -Determination of
compression moulding
shrinkage.
BS EN ISO 1889
:1997
Reinforcement yarns - Determination of linear density.
BS EN ISO 1890
:1997
Reinforcement yarns - Determination of twist.
BS EN ISO
2559:2000
Textile glass - Mats (made from chopped or continuous strands) - Designation and
specifications.
BS 2782
:MET902A:AMD1 Methods of testing plastics. Pt 9 Sampling and
test specimen preparation. Method 902A Compression
moulding of test specimens of thermosetting materials.
BS EN ISO 3341:
2000
Textile glass - Yarns - Determination of breaking force and breaking elongation.
BS EN ISO 3521 :
2000
Plastics - Unsaturated polyester and epoxy resins -Determination of overall
volume shrinkage
(ISO 3521: 1997)
BS EN ISO 4597-1 :
1998 Plastics - Hardeners and
accelerators for epoxide resins -Part 1 : Designation
BS EN ISO 10350-Part
1:1998 Plastics - Acquisition and presentation of comparable single point data:
Moulding materials.
BS EN ISO 10350-Part
2:2001 Plastics - Acquisition and presentation of comparable single point data:
Long-fibre reinforced plastics.
BS EN ISO 10352 :
1997
Fibre-reinforced plastics - Moulding compounds and prepregs - determination of
mass per unit area.
BS EN ISO
11357-1:1997 Plastics -
Differential scanning calorimetry - General principles.(under revision)
BS EN ISO 11357-
2:1999 Plastics - Differential
scanning calorimetry - Determination of glass transition temperature
BS EN ISO 11357-
3:1999 Plastics - Differential
scanning calorimetry - Determination of temperature and enthalpy of melting and
crystallisation.
BS EN ISO 11357-
5:1999 Plastics - Differential
scanning calorimetry - Determination of characteristic reaction-curve
temperatures and times, enthalpy of reaction and degree of conversion
BS ISO 11359 -
1:1999
Plastics - Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) - General principles
BS ISO 11359 -
2:1999
Plastics - Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) - Determination of coefficient of
linear thermal expansion
and glass transition temperature
BS ISO 11667 :
1997
Fibre-reinforced plastics- Moulding compounds and prepregs- Determination of
resin, reinforced-fibre
and mineral- filler content- Dissolution methods.
BS EN
ISO 12114 :1997
Fibre reinforced plastics - Thermosetting moulding compounds and prepregs -
Determination of cure
characteristics.
BS EN
ISO 12115 :1997
Fibre reinforced plastics - Compounds and Prepregs -Determination of flow
viscosity, maturation and
shelf life.
BS EN
12575
Plastics - Thermoset moulding compounds - determination of the degree of fibre
wet out in SMC.
BS EN
12576
Plastics - Fibre reinforced composites - Preparation of compression moulded test
plates of SMC, BMC
and DMC.
BS EN
ISO 13002 : 1998 Carbon
fibre - Designation system for filament yarns.
BS
EN
13003-1:1999
Para-aramid fibre filament yarns. Designation.
BS
EN 13003 -
2:1999
Para-aramid fibre filament yarns. Methods of test and general specifications.
BS
EN 13003 -
3:1999
Para-aramid fibre filament yarns. Technical specifications.
BS EN
ISO 14125 : 1998
Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of flexural properties.
BS EN ISO 14129 :
1998
Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of the in-plane shear
stress/shear strain response,
including the in-plane shear modulus and strength by the +/- 45 deg tension test
method.
BS EN ISO 14130 :
1998 Fibre-reinforced
plastic composites- determination of apparent interlaminar shear strength by
short
beam method.
|
ISO 62 : 1999
ISO 175 : 1999
ISO 472 : 1999
ISO 3374
: 2000
ISO 15034 : 1999
ISO 15040 : 1999
ISO 15100
: 2000
ISO 15310
: 1999
BS ISO
4602 : 1997
BS ISO
4895 : 1997
BS ISO
5025 : 1997
ISO 6603
- 1 : 2000
ISO 6603
- 2 : 2000
ISO 6721
- 10 : 1999
BS ISO
9291 : 1996
ISO 10618
: 1999
ISO 14126 : 1999 |
Plastics - Determination of water absorption
Plastics - Methods of test for the determination of the effects of
immersion in liquid chemicals
Plastics - Vocabulary
Reinforcement products - Mats and fabrics - Determination of mass per unit
area.
(Revision of ISO3374:1990 and ISO 4605:1978)
Composites - Prepregs - determination of resin flow
Composites - Prepregs - determination of gel time
Plastics - Reinforcement fibres - Chopped strands -Determination of bulk
density
Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of the in-plane shear
modulus by the plate twist method
Reinforcements - Woven fabrics - Determination of number of yarns per unit
length of warp and weft.
Plastics - Liquid epoxy resins - Determination of tendency to crystallize.
Reinforcement products - Woven fabrics - Determination of width and
length.
Plastics - Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics -
Non-instrumented impact testing
Plastics - Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics -
Instrumented puncture test
Plastics - Determination of dynamic mechanical properties - Complex shear
viscosity using a parallel-plate
oscillatory rheometer
Textile - glass-reinforced plastics - rovings - Preparation of
unidirectional plates by winding
Carbon fibre - Determination of tensile properties of resin-impregnated
yarn
Fibre-reinforced plastic composites - Determination of compressive
properties in the in-plane direction |
Final Draft
International Standards (FDIS) are available for public comment. Requests
for purchase of copies of these drafts should be sent to:
British Standards Institution,
Customer
Services
Head Office
389 Chiswick
High Road
London W4 4AL
Telephone : 020
8996 7000
Fax
: 020 8996 7001
All comments
should be forwarded to Mr E Levio (Committee Secretary) at the above address.
NOTE:
This is
based on discussions in which the UK has taken an active part. Comments on these
documents will assist further participation by the UK in this work and in the
preparation of any consequent British Standard. Your views and technical
comments on them would be appreciated. The co-ordination of the requirements of
these drafts with those of any related standards is of particular importance and
you are invited to point out any areas where this may be necessary. In addition,
these drafts cover a subject of interest to European Standardisation and in
accordance with the Vienna Agreement, consultation on an FDIS has the same
effect for CEN Members as would a Formal Vote on a Draft European Standard.
US Standards Committee Activities
A number of committee activities from professional organisations are
addressing the recommended use and specification of FRP composites. Many
organisations have published codes, standards, test methods and specifications
for FRP composites and their products for the respective products. For example
in the FRP pipe market, design standards, test methods, and recommended
practices were published by the American Petroleum Institute (API), American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Water Works Association (AWWA),
Underwriter Laboratories (UL), and others. In the corrosion resistant structural
equipment market, ASME published an industry standard called RTP-1. In RTP-1,
the document provides purchasers of corrosion-resistant composite equipment with
guidelines for the specification of high-quality, cost-effective and
high-performance equipment. The American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
publishes recognised industry test methods for FRP composites used in all
markets.
|
Organisation
|
Committee
|
| American
Concrete Institute (ACI) |
440 – Composites for Concrete
440C –
State-of-the-art-Report
440D – Research
410E – Professional
Educations
440F – Repair
440G – Student Education
400H – Reinforced Concrete (rebar)
440I – Prestressed Concrete
(tendons)
440J – Structural
Stay-in-Place Formwork
440K – Material
Characterisation
400L - Durability
|
| American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) |
Structural
Composites and Plastics |
| American
Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) |
ASTM D20.18.01 – FRP
Materials for Concrete
ASTM D20.18.02 – Pultruded
Profiles
ASTM D30.30.01 – Composites
for Civil Engineering
|
| AASHTO
Bridge Subcommittee |
T-21
- FRP Composites |
| International
Federation of Structural Concrete (FIB) |
Task
group on FRP |
| Canadian
Society of Civil Engineers (CSCE) |
ACMBS
– Advanced Composite Materials for Bridges and Structures |
| Japan
Society of Civil Engineers |
Research
Committee on Concrete Structures with Externally Bonded Continuous Fiber
Reinforcing materials |
| Transportation
Research Board |
A2C07
– FRP Composites |
|
For almost
twenty years, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) has
operated a technical committee called Structural Composites and Plastics
(SCAP) to address the design and implementation of composites.
This committee published a design manual in the early 1980’s and is
currently working to update this manual to address the many FRP
composite products developed over the years.
The American Concrete Institute, and its
Committee 440 with ten different subcommittees, address FRP composites
in concrete in such topics as state-of-the-art, research, professional
and student education, repair, rebar, prestressing, and stay-in-place
structural formwork. These highly active committees are focused to
produce guidance documents for the engineer. In particular, ACI
440F is developing a document titled “Guide for the Design and
Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete
Structures”. This landmark publication, reviews the
state-of-the-art, provides guidelines for application and selection,
design recommendations, and construction techniques for the use of FRP
materials to repair, strengthen, or upgrade concrete structures.
The ACI 440H committee is developing a similar document of FRP rebar
titled “Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Reinforced
with FRP Bars”. The proposed guideline reviews knowledge based
on research and field applications of FRP bars worldwide.
Several ASTM committees are currently
working on consensus test methods for the use of rebars, repair
materials, and pultruded structural profiles. In ASTM D20.18.01
(FRP Materials for Concrete) committee, industry experts are addressing
materials and products to develop standard test methods for FRP rebar
and repair materials. In ASTM D20.18.02 is a committee focused on
the development of test methods for FRP pultruded profiles and
shapes. The ASTM D30.30.01 (Composites for Civil Engineering)
committee addresses FRP composites products used construction.
The American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Bridge Committee established a
subcommittee in 1997 called “T-21 Composites”. This committee
has an ongoing effort to develop design guidelines for of the use of
composites in bridge applications including FRP reinforced concrete,
concrete repair, and vehicular bridge deck panels.
Organisations
The Civil Engineering Research Foundation
(CERF), the research arm of the American Society of Civil Engineers is
actively engaged with technology transfer of new cutting edge
technologies. One of CERF’s
programs, Highway Innovation Technology Evaluation Center (HITEC),
coordinates product evaluations between the end-user community and
industry to produce highway products that meet the needs of the end-user
with the program results being shared with all State DOT bridge
departments. HITEC has
provided the civil engineering community with several product evaluation
programs that address the use of composites.
One program in particular, FRP Composite Bridge Decks, has
developed an evaluation plan for several composites bridge manufacturers
for testing, design, and performance of bridge deck panels manufactured
with FRP materials.
The Intelligent Sensing for Innovative
Structures (ISIS) of the Canadian Network of Centers of Excellence was
established to advance civil engineering to a world leadership position
through the development and application of FRP composites and an
integrated intelligent fiber optic sensing technology to benefit all
Canadians through innovative and intelligent infrastructure.
ISIS Canada, through its universities, has coordinated a team of
professionals dedicated to advancing technology by building better
roads, buildings, and bridges. ISIS
has many research projects and field evaluations under study that
demonstrate successful implementation of FRP composites with validated
design and testing as well as techniques to document the in-field
service of new products and systems.
ISIS Canada is credited with building the first smart sensing FRP
composite bridge and continues to make advancements in the areas of
concrete repair, bridge construction with FRP rebars and tendons, and
roadways.
Several
professional societies from around the world have published design codes
for FRP Rebar. In Canada,
the civil engineers have documented design procedures in the Canadian
Highway Bridge Design Code for the use of FRP rebars.
The Japan Society of Civil Engineers has published a code that
provides design recommendations for the use of FRP rebars and tendons.
Standards Development
Several
global activities are taking place to implement FRP composites materials
and products into respective design codes and guidelines.
The following summarises this activity:
|
Code/Standard
|
Reference |
|
Canadian
Building Code
|
Design
and Construction of Building Components with Fiber Reinforced
Plastics
|
|
Canadian
Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC)
|
Fiber
Reinforced Structures (section of code)
|
|
International
Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)
|
AC
125:
Acceptance
Criteria for Concrete and Unreinforced Masonry Strengthening
Using Fiber-Reinforced Composite Systems
|
|
Japan
Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) Standard Specification for
Design and Construction of Concrete Structures
|
Recommendation
for Design and Construction for Reinforced Concrete Structures
Using Continuous Fiber Reinforcing Materials
|
In
April 1997, The International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)
published AC125 “Acceptance Criteria for Concrete and Unreinforced
Masonry Strengthening Using Fiber-Reinforced Composite Systems”.
ICBO has also published individual company product evaluation
reports on FRP systems used to strengthen concrete and masonry
structural elements such as columns, beams, slabs, and connections of
wall to slab.
Technology Transfer
Many
academic institutions in the North America, as well as around the world
are actively engaged in research involving FRP applications for civil
infrastructure. Several
universities have distinguished themselves as centers of excellence in
specific fields of expertise. Universities
and State Departments of Transportation often collaborate on the
evaluation and implementation of FRP composites that best meet the needs
of the State.
|
Organisation
|
Activity
|
| American
Society of Civil Engineers |
Journal
of Composites for Construction
|
| Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA) |
TEA-21
Innovative Bridge Research and Construction Program (IBRC) |
| Intelligent
Sensing for Innovative Structures (ISIS)
of the Canadian Network of Centers of Excellence
|
|
| Market
Development Alliance of the FRP Composites Industry |
Project
Teams and Programs geared towards development of FRP composites
for construction applications |
T he Fed Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) through the
TEA-21 Innovative Bridge Research and Construction Program (IBRC) has
provided new construction materials the opportunity to meet the goals of
reducing maintenance and life-cycle costs of bridge structures.
Funds are provided for the Federal share of the cost for repair,
rehabilitation, replacement, and new construction of bridges using
innovative materials. Each
year since the first solicitation in 1998, FRP composites led other
innovative construction materials for funding to demonstrate the unique
benefits being sought by FHWA to build a better and long-lasting
infrastructure.
Many societies, trade associations,
academic institutions and organisations worldwide host periodic
conferences, trade shows, and seminars in forums that educate as well as
transfer state-of-the-art technology to end-users.
Some of the conferences are listed below:
-
ACMBS Advanced Composites Materials for Bridges
and Structures (Canada)
-
ASCE Construction and Materials Congress
PORTS, every three years (2001, 2004)
Structures Congress
-
CFA Composites Fabricators Association (CFA)
annual conference and exposition, early fall
-
FRPRCS Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Reinforced
Concrete Structures (International)
-
IBC International Bridge Conference, annual, June
-
ICCI International Conference on Composites for
Infrastructure
-
SAMPE Society for the Advancement of Material and
Process Engineering, annual conference and exposition, late
spring/early summer.
-
SAE Aerospace Composite Materials Handbook.
Society of Automotive Engineers. Cooperative Engineering
Program.(Contains SAE Aerospace Materials Specifications (AMS) and
Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP) on composite materials).
-
SAE Handbook. Society of Automotive Engineers.
(Contains all SAE ground vehicle standards).
-
ISO 9000: Quality Management. International
Organization for Standardization. 7th edition. (Compilation of all
standards in the ISO 9000 series). Reference TS156.I86 1998
-
Defense Technical Information Center. How to Get
It: a Guide to Defense-Related Information Resources. Patron
Services Desk Reference Z1223.Z7 H65 1998 Available online at http://stinet.dtic.mil/htgi/htgi.html.
-
Directory of Engineering Document Sources. Global
Engineering Documents. 4th edition.
INTERNET RESOURCES:
American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) http://www.ansi.org/
(ANSI-ISO-IEC catalog of
publications at http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/default.asp)
Computer and
Communications Standards http://www.compinfo-center.com/
CCSDS (Consultative
Committee for Space Data Systems) Documents (Full-Text) http://ccsds.org/document_access.html
Document Center (Standards
Document Delivery) http://www.document-center.com/
DoD Index of
Specifications and Standards (DODISS) http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/dodiss4_fields.html
ISO Home Page http://www.iso.ch/
(catalog of publications at http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/CatalogueListPage.CatalogueList:
see also under ANSI)
International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) http://www.iec.ch/ (see also under
ANSI)
International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) http://info.itu.ch/
(catalog of publications at
http://www.itu.ch/publications/catalog/)
NASA Directives Library
http://Nodis.hq.nasa.gov/
NASA Technical Standards
Program http://standards.nasa.gov/
National Standards Systems
Network (NSSN) http://www.nssn.org/
Real-Time Encyclopaedia:
Standardisation Organisations http://www.realtime-info.be/encyc/techno/asso/standard/standard.htm
Standards-Related Usenet Newsgroups
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